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(by librarians )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
5.7865 0 TD
(in situ )Tj
/F2 1 Tf
3.2317 0 TD
[(fr)17.8(om national gover)-17.8(nments and outside )]TJ
-9.0182 -1.2632 TD
.1343 Tw
[(foundations, and that the W)17.8(ester)-17.8(n r)17.8(esponse to deteriorating )]TJ
T*
.0185 Tw
[(materials and adverse conditions must be lear)-17.7(ned fr)17.8(om experi-)]TJ
T*
.0348 Tw
[(ence with the advice and support of the people of the r)17.8(egion. )]TJ
T*
.0316 Tw
[(In working in tr)17.8(opical r)17.8(egions I have been struck by the steady )]TJ
T*
.1046 Tw
[(impr)17.8(ovement in pr)17.8(eservation development in some countries. )]TJ
T*
-.0107 Tw
[(In V)-5.9(iet Nam in particular)91.8(, I have worked in seven dif)17.8(fer)17.8(ent cities )]TJ
T*
.1272 Tw
[(since 1990 to the pr)17.8(esent day)91.8(, and the rate of impr)17.8(ovement )]TJ
T*
.1061 Tw
[(in pr)17.8(eservation pr)17.8(ograms has been marked. For example, the )]TJ
T*
.016 Tw
[(conservation staf)17.8(f of the National Library of V)-5.8(iet Nam in Hanoi )]TJ
T*
.0089 Tw
[(now work in a well equipped facility)91.8(, ar)17.8(e intelligent, skilful and )]TJ
T*
-.0165 Tw
[(enthusiastic, and have made r)17.8(emarkable pr)17.8(ogr)17.8(ess since my )]TJ
25.3724 0 TD
0 Tw
( rst )Tj
-25.3724 -1.2632 TD
.1664 Tw
[(encounter with the library and its staf)17.8(f in 1990. But certain )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
(imponderables continue to exist. )Tj
0 -2.5263 TD
-.0127 Tw
(Most markedly among these is the fact that very few conserva-)Tj
0 -1.2632 TD
.0841 Tw
[(tion staf)17.8(f ar)17.8(e actually funded to attend overseas training pr)17.8(o-)]TJ
T*
.0433 Tw
[(grams, as overseas travel seems to be r)17.8(eserved for administra-)]TJ
T*
-.0407 Tw
[(tive staf)17.8(f. Up to a point, this is understandable given that bench )]TJ
T*
-.017 Tw
[(staf)17.9(f seem not to have the necessary language skills, but unless )]TJ
T*
.0666 Tw
(this changes, conservation, no matter how well supported lo-)Tj
T*
.0477 Tw
[(cally)91.9(, will continue to languish in isolation, with few fr)17.8(esh and )]TJ
T*
.1642 Tw
[(innovative ideas transmitted to them. V)54.9(ery few conservation )]TJ
T*
.1994 Tw
[(staf)17.9(f ar)17.8(e able to access the latest published information on )]TJ
T*
.1585 Tw
[(pr)17.8(eservation, and few have actually seen conservation being )]TJ
T*
.103 Tw
(practiced in a viable institutional setting. It is most important )Tj
T*
.1393 Tw
[(that staf)17.8(f develop an understanding of the natur)17.8(e of pr)17.8(eser)54.9(-)]TJ
T*
.1312 Tw
(vation in terms of the tools and technologies available to us )Tj
T*
.0344 Tw
[(and their most appr)17.8(opriate use; developing a sense of priority)91.8(, )]TJ
T*
.0295 Tw
[(understanding that some things ar)17.8(e mor)17.8(e important than oth-)]TJ
T*
.092 Tw
[(ers; developing a sense of local, r)17.8(egional, national, and inter)54.9(-)]TJ
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.1101 Tw
[(national pr)17.8(eservation needs and solutions; understanding the )]TJ
T*
.201 Tw
[(importance of pr)17.8(eserving entir)17.8(e collections rather than indi-)]TJ
T*
.1036 Tw
[(vidual pieces; understanding that decisions that ar)17.8(e made on )]TJ
T*
-.0063 Tw
[(the physical structur)17.8(e of library buildings, forms of storage, the )]TJ
T*
.1048 Tw
[(mechanics of climate contr)17.8(ol, and the politics of funding pri-)]TJ
T*
-.0003 Tw
[(orities, str)17.8(ongly in)]TJ
7.8156 0 TD
-.0002 Tw
( uence the lives or deaths of collections; and )Tj
-7.8156 -1.2632 TD
.0415 Tw
[(developing the ability to assess and articulate the pr)17.8(eservation )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
(needs of collections. )Tj
0 -2.5263 TD
-.0521 Tw
[(In Burma, the University)110.9(s Central Library in Rangoon had a con-)]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
.0711 Tw
[(scientious conservation staf)17.8(f, but their information on conser)54.9(-)]TJ
T*
.0082 Tw
(vation was )Tj
5.1283 0 TD
[( )8.1(fty years out of date, having been obtained at the )]TJ
-5.1283 -1.2632 TD
.1338 Tw
(India Of)Tj
3.8007 0 TD
.1337 Tw
[( )133.7(ce Library and Recor)17.8(ds of London training pr)17.8(ogram )]TJ
-3.8007 -1.2632 TD
.0282 Tw
[(now long defunct. Clearly)91.9(, ther)17.8(e is a need for leaders with the )]TJ
16.1156 -1.2632 TD
.7747 Tw
[(necessary pr)17.8(eservation/)]TJ
T*
.4059 Tw
(conservation skills, lan-)Tj
T*
.4672 Tw
[(guage ability)91.8(, and the )]TJ
T*
.2664 Tw
(overall education about )Tj
T*
.0542 Tw
[(libraries to establish pr)17.8(o-)]TJ
T*
.7769 Tw
[(grams and ef)17.8(fectively )]TJ
T*
1.0444 Tw
(lead them. Unfortu-)Tj
T*
.1225 Tw
[(nately)91.8(, ther)17.8(e seems little )]TJ
T*
.4334 Tw
(incentive for personnel )Tj
T*
.1623 Tw
(to move to this level as )Tj
T*
.3443 Tw
(the salaries and condi-)Tj
T*
-.0011 Tw
[(tions ar)17.8(e not competitive )]TJ
T*
.3439 Tw
(with other positions in )Tj
-16.1156 -1.2632 TD
-.0342 Tw
[(the libraries and ar)17.8(chives, and as soon as a person shows pr)17.8(om-)]TJ
T*
.0059 Tw
[(ise, they tend to be pr)17.8(omoted to administrative positions away )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
[(fr)17.8(om pr)17.8(eservation. )]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
7.4644 -4.3522 TD
[(Pr)17.8(eservation of Indigenous Materials )]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
-7.4644 -2.7552 TD
.1313 Tw
[(Beyond the colonial books and documents stor)17.8(ed in libraries )]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
.115 Tw
[(and ar)17.8(chives ar)17.8(e those artifacts pr)17.8(oduced by much older cul-)]TJ
T*
.1185 Tw
[(tur)17.8(es. Bark, papyrus, par)17.8(chment, palm leaf, traditional paper)91.8(, )]TJ
T*
.0181 Tw
[(silk documents, etc., ar)17.8(e r)17.8(ever)17.8(ed in most developing countries, )]TJ
T*
.1291 Tw
[(but rar)17.9(ely pr)17.8(otected or conserved in appr)17.8(opriate fashion and )]TJ
T*
.2517 Tw
[(ar)17.8(e often hidden away)91.8(. These materials r)17.8(epr)17.8(esent an enor)54.9(-)]TJ
T*
.0817 Tw
[(mous cultural r)17.8(esour)17.8(ce, telling of homeopathic medicine, folk )]TJ
T*
.0949 Tw
[(tales, r)17.8(eligious narratives, historical tales, and early r)17.8(ecor)17.8(ds of )]TJ
T*
.0902 Tw
(genealogical works. I have been amazed by the large quanti-)Tj
T*
.0119 Tw
[(ties of these documents, and the vast amount of undiscover)17.9(ed )]TJ
T*
.0095 Tw
(knowledge that they contain. Most of the work on indigenous )Tj
T*
.0924 Tw
(documents that I have been involved with over the years has )Tj
T*
.1175 Tw
[(center)17.8(ed on palm leaf manuscripts and Han-Nom books, the )]TJ
T*
.05 Tw
[(latter r)17.8(epr)17.8(esented by a continuing conservation and digitaliza-)]TJ
T*
.06 Tw
[(tion pr)17.8(ogram in V)-5.8(iet Nam over the last )]TJ
17.4135 0 TD
[( )60(ve years. The conser)54.9(-)]TJ
-17.4135 -1.2632 TD
.0885 Tw
[(vation tr)17.8(eatment of Han-Nom books is a r)17.8(elatively minor part )]TJ
T*
.144 Tw
[(of a pr)17.8(oject to digitalize and pr)17.8(eserve Han-Nom materials at )]TJ
T*
.0591 Tw
[(the National Library)91.9(. The pr)17.8(oject was based on the pioneering )]TJ
T*
-.0174 Tw
[(work of four dir)17.8(ectors of the U.S.-based V)-5.8(ietnamese Nom Pr)17.8(es-)]TJ
T*
-.0464 Tw
[(ervation Foundation \(http://nomfoundation.org\):V)-5.9(irginia Jing-yi )]TJ
T*
.0656 Tw
[(Shih \(bibliographer and pr)17.8(oject originator\), Diem Pham \(ar)17.8(chi-)]TJ
T*
-.0517 Tw
(vist in charge of the digitalization\), John Balaban \(translator and )Tj
T*
.1077 Tw
[(then pr)17.8(esident of the Foundation\), and Ngo T)91.8(rung V)-5.9(iet \(vice-)]TJ
T*
.0278 Tw
[(pr)17.8(esident and V)-5.8(ietnam dir)17.8(ector\), as well trained staf)17.8(f in Hanoi. )]TJ
T*
-.0106 Tw
[(As this is an ongoing pr)17.8(oject, I will use the following discussion )]TJ
T*
.0485 Tw
(as an example of the conservation work that is going on with )Tj
T*
0 Tw
(indigenous materials.)Tj
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[(In working in other countries and cultur)18.2(es, it is )]TJ
0 -1.3636 TD
[(important to r)17.9(ecognize that pr)17.9(eservation priorities )]TJ
T*
[(ar)17.8(e pr)17.8(obably not the same as in the W)17.8(est, that short-)]TJ
T*
[(term teaching and training alone will not r)18.1(esult in )]TJ
T*
[(viable pr)17.9(ograms without sustained )]TJ
17.0405 0 TD
.0555 Tw
[( nancial )55.5(support, )]TJ
-17.0405 -1.3636 TD
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[(pr)17.8(eferably secur)17.8(ed by librarians )]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
15.1352 0 TD
(in situ)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
2.8889 0 TD
[( fr)17.8(om national )]TJ
-18.0241 -1.3636 TD
[(gover)-17.7(nments and outside foundations... )]TJ
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[(I)12(nternational P)29.8(r)9.8(eser)-17.8(v)5.9(ation N)29.8(e)-5.9(ws )-250( )-250( )-250( )-250(N)29.8(o)15.9(. 54 A)17.8(ugust 2011)]TJ
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0 Tc
.0555 Tw
[(An early survey of the Han-Nom collection r)17.8(evealed that most )]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
.2291 Tw
[(of the collection dates fr)17.8(om the mid-nineteenth century to )]TJ
T*
.1042 Tw
[(hundr)17.8(eds of years ago and consists of stitched bindings with )]TJ
T*
.1176 Tw
[(soft paper covers, double-leaves folded at the for)17.9(e-edge and )]TJ
T*
.1252 Tw
[(stitched thr)17.9(ough the entir)17.9(e text block in a traditional sewing )]TJ
T*
.0973 Tw
[(style. The style is simple and ef)17.8(fective as it is )]TJ
20.2319 0 TD
[( )97.3(exible and the )]TJ
-20.2319 -1.2632 TD
-.0531 Tw
[(original hand-made paper is usually chemically stable. However)91.8(, )]TJ
T*
-.0806 Tw
[(later attempts at r)17.8(emedial tr)17.8(eatment of several volumes involved )]TJ
T*
.0423 Tw
(applying lacquer to the spine and over the stitching that must )Tj
T*
-.0396 Tw
[(be r)17.8(emoved. The work of conservation involves car)17.8(eful cleaning )]TJ
T*
.0328 Tw
[(to r)17.8(emove staining, and extensive tr)17.8(eatment to )]TJ
20.6948 0 TD
[( )32.8(ll insect holes )]TJ
-20.6948 -1.2632 TD
-.0253 Tw
[(and r)17.8(odent gnawing damage to allow normal use and accurate )]TJ
T*
.142 Tw
(scanning of the books. Repair of the insect damage is done )Tj
T*
.0805 Tw
[(using thr)17.8(ee methods: patching, wher)17.8(eby small ar)17.8(eas of insect )]TJ
T*
.0495 Tw
[(damage ar)17.8(e )]TJ
5.6932 0 TD
[( )49.5(lled using pieces of )]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
8.8671 0 TD
0 Tw
(tengujo)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
3.2789 0 TD
.0495 Tw
(, a thin Japanese tis-)Tj
-17.8393 -1.2632 TD
.0128 Tw
(sue; insertion of support sheets of )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
14.8591 0 TD
0 Tw
(gampi)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
2.6669 0 TD
.0129 Tw
[( or )]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
1.4707 0 TD
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(do )Tj
/F2 1 Tf
1.4028 0 TD
.0128 Tw
(paper; and the )Tj
-20.3996 -1.2632 TD
-.0265 Tw
[(use of a leaf caster)91.8(, which )]TJ
11.4168 0 TD
[( )-26.5(lls the insect holes and tunnels with )]TJ
-11.4168 -1.2632 TD
.0367 Tw
[(a paper pulp thr)17.8(ough a suction system. T)110.8(o)0( carry out this tr)17.8(eat-)]TJ
T*
.0324 Tw
[(ment, the volumes ar)17.8(e unstitched and tr)17.8(eated as )]TJ
21.4489 0 TD
0 Tw
[( at )-32.5(unfolded )]TJ
-21.4489 -1.2632 TD
.0283 Tw
(sheets. When the holes have been )Tj
15.3408 0 TD
[( )28.3(lled by the leaf caster and )]TJ
-15.3408 -1.2632 TD
.1247 Tw
(the paper de-acidi)Tj
8.2503 0 TD
.1246 Tw
[( )124.6(ed, the volumes have to be r)17.8(econstituted )]TJ
-8.2503 -1.2632 TD
-.0128 Tw
[(by r)17.8(efolding and r)17.8(estitching. Following conservation tr)17.8(eatment, )]TJ
T*
.0647 Tw
[(a series of clamshell boxes ar)17.8(e made fr)17.8(om permanent/durable )]TJ
T*
.0526 Tw
[(boar)17.8(d and cover)17.8(ed with ar)17.8(chival bookcloth. Each box includes )]TJ
T*
.0987 Tw
[(a small envelope containing a simple insect r)17.8(epellent to safe-)]TJ
T*
-.0027 Tw
[(guar)17.8(d the volumes and to r)17.8(epel any possible futur)17.8(e infestation. )]TJ
T*
.0115 Tw
[(All adhesives used in box construction ar)17.8(e inter)-17.8(nally plasticized )]TJ
T*
.0515 Tw
[(polyvinyl acetate, and no star)17.8(ch or pr)17.8(otein adhesive is used to )]TJ
T*
.0783 Tw
[(avoid attracting insects. Excellent pr)17.8(ogr)17.8(ess has been made on )]TJ
T*
.1106 Tw
[(this pr)17.8(oject because of the leadership of the Foundation and )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
[(the diligent work of the library staf)17.9(f.)]TJ
0 -2.5263 TD
.158 Tw
(Indigenous collections tend to be the most neglected by lo-)Tj
0 -1.2632 TD
.0223 Tw
[(cal librarians because they ar)17.8(e often written in defunct or little )]TJ
T*
.1455 Tw
(known languages or scripts, but the sheer quantities of raw )Tj
T*
.1291 Tw
[(r)17.8(esear)17.8(ch contained in them begs pr)17.8(eservation and wider dis-)]TJ
T*
.3173 Tw
[(semination. W)17.8(ester)-17.8(n scholars have been generally)91.8(, though )]TJ
T*
.1593 Tw
[(somewhat vaguely)91.8(, awar)17.8(e of these pr)17.8(oblems for some time, )]TJ
T*
.0661 Tw
[(but it is only quite r)17.8(ecently that the full br)17.8(eadth and scope of )]TJ
T*
.1931 Tw
(the especially dif)Tj
7.7193 0 TD
[( )193.1(cult pr)17.8(oblems facing libraries and ar)17.8(chives )]TJ
-7.7193 -1.2632 TD
.1735 Tw
[(have become known to a few W)17.8(ester)-17.8(n librarians, ar)17.8(chivists, )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
[(and pr)17.8(eservation specialists. )]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
14.9612 -4.3522 TD
[(Disaster Pr)17.9(epar)17.9(edness, )]TJ
-7.0666 -1.3684 TD
(Natural and Man-Made Emergencies )Tj
/F2 1 Tf
-7.8945 -2.7552 TD
.1628 Tw
[(W)17.8(e)0( live in perilous times wher)17.8(e the lives of our institutions, )]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
.1623 Tw
[(libraries, ar)17.8(chives, and indeed our family and friends ar)17.8(e of-)]TJ
T*
.0033 Tw
(ten at serious risk. The news media seem to thrive on dramatic )Tj
T*
.132 Tw
[(r)17.8(eports of weather)54.9(-r)17.8(elated catastr)17.8(ophes, and the last century )]TJ
T*
.0096 Tw
[(has seen substantial additions to humankind)110.9(s shameful r)17.8(ecor)17.8(d )]TJ
T*
.0571 Tw
[(of war)91.8(, terr)17.8(orism, and civil unr)17.8(est. In r)17.8(ecent times, the wars in )]TJ
T*
-.0048 Tw
[(Southeast Asia, the former Y)74(ugoslavia and Africa have r)17.8(esulted )]TJ
T*
.1871 Tw
[(in irr)17.8(edeemable loss to the world)110.9(s cultural heritage. During )]TJ
T*
.1084 Tw
[(the V)-5.9(iet Nam \(or American\) war)91.8(, mor)17.8(e than two million tons )]TJ
T*
.1069 Tw
[(of bombs wer)17.8(e dr)17.8(opped on Laos, making it the most heavily )]TJ
T*
.1326 Tw
[(bombed country per capita in the history of warfar)17.8(e. In V)-5.9(iet )]TJ
T*
-.0042 Tw
[(Nam, Hanoi was on the r)17.8(eceiving end of mor)17.8(e explosive power )]TJ
T*
.0218 Tw
[(than was r)17.8(eleased by all belliger)17.8(ents in the Second W)17.8(orld W)36.9(a)0(r)91.8(.)0( )]TJ
T*
.0502 Tw
[(The war ended in 1973, but it wasn)17.8(t until 1992 that the )]TJ
25.3723 0 TD
0 Tw
( rst )Tj
4.0185 76.6863 TD
.1014 Tw
[(steps wer)17.8(e taken towar)17.8(ds the normalization of r)17.8(elations with )]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
.2127 Tw
[(the United States and other W)17.8(ester)-17.8(n countries. History has )]TJ
T*
-.0351 Tw
[(demonstrated the wisdom of taking pr)17.8(ecautions prior to events )]TJ
T*
.1219 Tw
[(that no-one r)17.8(eally wants to happen. This is especially true in )]TJ
T*
.1604 Tw
[(the case of war or any other devastating catastr)17.9(ophes likely )]TJ
T*
.0647 Tw
[(to af)17.8(fect the entir)17.8(e structur)17.8(e of the institution. In these cases, )]TJ
T*
.0425 Tw
(it is dif)Tj
3.1959 0 TD
[( )42.5(cult to conceive a situation wher)17.8(e or)17.8(dinary ar)17.8(chives or )]TJ
-3.1959 -1.2632 TD
.1092 Tw
[(library staf)17.8(f could substantially r)17.8(emedy the ef)17.8(fects of a major )]TJ
T*
.0523 Tw
[(disaster)91.9(. However)91.8(, some forwar)17.8(d planning can signi)]TJ
22.4499 0 TD
0 Tw
[( cantly )-52.3(r)17.8(e)0(-)]TJ
-22.4499 -1.2632 TD
[(duce the loss of unique materials, even when in a state of war)92(.)]TJ
0 -2.5263 TD
.1496 Tw
[(A good example of this forwar)17.8(d planning is the pr)17.8(ecautions )]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
.064 Tw
[(taken by the V)-5.9(ietnamese during the war with America and in )]TJ
T*
.0517 Tw
[(the later Chinese W)36.9(ar of 1979. T)110.8(eams of citizens moved large )]TJ
T*
.0052 Tw
[(numbers of books, manuscripts, and ar)17.8(chives out of the city of )]TJ
T*
-.0556 Tw
[(Hanoi to a place of r)17.8(elative safety to escape American bombing. )]TJ
T*
.1201 Tw
(In the case of the unique manuscript collections of the Han-)Tj
T*
.0677 Tw
[(Nom Institute in Hanoi, the entir)17.8(e library collection was taken )]TJ
T*
-.0322 Tw
(to Dalat, within 300 kilometers of Ho Chi Minh City in anticipa-)Tj
T*
-.0207 Tw
[(tion of a Chinese advance or aerial bombing. Clearly)91.8(, the large-)]TJ
T*
-.0205 Tw
[(scale evacuation of entir)17.9(e collections is a rar)17.8(e and extraor)17.8(dinary )]TJ
T*
-.0392 Tw
[(event, and one that would have to be planned with gr)17.8(eat pr)17.8(eci-)]TJ
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[(micr)17.9(oenvir)17.9(onment of the bookcases.)]TJ
0 -2.5319 TD
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[(A climate contr)17.8(ol system was to be installed in the library cel-)]TJ
0 -1.266 TD
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[(lar to pr)17.8(ovide )]TJ
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[( )75.6(lter)17.8(ed clean fr)17.8(esh air and/or conditioned air at )]TJ
-6.4319 -1.266 TD
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[(55-65% RH and 22-28 )131.1(C to the library r)17.8(ooms using ventilation )]TJ
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(and dehumidi)Tj
6.1583 0 TD
[( )-10.6(cation. The supply air)91.8(, warmer than that of typi-)]TJ
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0 -1.2675 TD
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[(exhaust ventilator was to be installed in the attic to r)17.8(educe heat )]TJ
T*
.0604 Tw
(accumulation. The cellar was to be mechanically ventilated by )Tj
T*
-.0178 Tc
0 Tw
[(re)-17.8()]TJ
1.0932 0 TD
0 Tc
.0801 Tw
[( )80.1(tting windows with particle )]TJ
12.8221 0 TD
.08 Tw
[( )80(lters to maintain a clean and )]TJ
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T*
.0024 Tw
(was to be taken place in the cellar and in the attic, it would be )Tj
T*
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[(hidden fr)17.9(om visitors view and fully r)18(eversible.)]TJ
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0 -1.2675 TD
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(an independent weather station [5] showed that the ventilation )Tj
T*
.0822 Tw
[(mode is viable only 10% of the time if we r)17.8(equir)17.8(e conditions )]TJ
T*
.0107 Tw
(of less than 28C and less than 70% RH. The window for ven-)Tj
T*
.1086 Tw
(tilation expands to only 12%, 14%, 15%, and 16%, even if )Tj
T*
.0531 Tw
[(we raise the temperatur)17.8(e thr)17.8(eshold to 29C, 30C, 31C, and )]TJ
T*
.104 Tw
[(32C, r)17.8(espectively)91.8(. Ther)17.8(efor)17.8(e, we determined that the system )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
(would operate mainly in the dehumidi)Tj
16.5588 0 TD
( cation mode.)Tj
-16.5588 -2.535 TD
.0014 Tw
[(Adequate amounts of fr)17.8(esh air must be pr)17.8(ovided for the safety )]TJ
0 -1.2675 TD
.0984 Tw
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0 -1.2676 TD
.1508 Tw
[(ational experience, the FCRB staf)17.8(f determined the maximum )]TJ
0 -1.2675 TD
.0582 Tw
[(number of visitors in the library to be 50 based upon the cur)54.9(-)]TJ
0 -1.2676 TD
-.0278 Tw
[(r)17.8(ent arrangement of fur)-17.8(nitur)17.8(e and visitor pathways. The Ameri-)]TJ
0 -1.2675 TD
-.0111 Tw
[(can Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air)54.9(-Conditioning En-)]TJ
T*
.0591 Tw
[(gineers \(ASHRAE\) r)17.8(ecommends fr)17.8(esh air to be pr)17.8(ovided at the )]TJ
0 -1.2676 TD
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[(rate of eight litr)17.9(es per second per person. [6] By estimating that )]TJ
0 -1.2675 TD
.1047 Tw
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9.0871 0 TD
[( )104.7(ltration of outside air at a rate of 1-1.5 )]TJ
-9.0871 -1.2676 TD
.0779 Tw
(air changes per hour \(ACHs\), we determined that the climate )Tj
0 -1.2675 TD
.0551 Tw
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0 -1.2676 TD
.0594 Tw
[(hours \(8 am 6 pm\) in or)17.8(der to limit the carbon dioxide con-)]TJ
0 -1.2675 TD
0 Tw
(centration to less than 1000 ppm.)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
4.7414 -4.3566 TD
[(Description of the Climate Contr)18(ol System)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
-4.7414 -2.7595 TD
.1028 Tw
[(A supply and exhaust ventilator system with a split air)54.9(-condi-)]TJ
0 -1.2675 TD
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[(tioning unit and a pr)17.8(ogrammable contr)17.8(ol unit with two temper)54.9(-)]TJ
0 -1.2676 TD
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[(atur)17.9(e and r)17.8(elative humidity sensors, one in the library and the )]TJ
0 -1.2675 TD
-.0172 Tw
[(other outside of the building, ar)17.8(e the major components of the )]TJ
T*
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[(climate contr)17.8(ol system for the library of MCRB. The split unit )]TJ
T*
.0736 Tw
[(is designed to always operate in conjunction with the r)17.8(e-heat )]TJ
0 -1.2676 TD
.1419 Tw
[(coil located immediately downstr)17.8(eam of the unit to work as )]TJ
0 -1.2675 TD
.0678 Tw
(an inline dehumidi)Tj
8.3046 0 TD
.0679 Tw
[( )67.9(er)91.8(. Condensation fr)17.8(om the dehumidi)]TJ
16.3328 0 TD
0 Tw
[( er )-67.9(is )]TJ
-24.6374 -1.2675 TD
-.0243 Tw
[(drained to the outside drain system via a sump pump. W)-23.9(ith the )]TJ
0 -1.2676 TD
.037 Tw
[(exception of the attic exhaust ventilator)91.8(, all other components )]TJ
0 -1.2675 TD
.0638 Tw
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0 -1.2676 TD
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[(ment ar)17.8(e connected to each other via a series of metal ducts in )]TJ
0 -1.2675 TD
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0 -1.2676 TD
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12.2191 0 TD
[( )-8.8(lters located at the supply and r)17.8(e)0(-)]TJ
-12.2191 -1.2675 TD
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[(tur)-17.8(n ends of the dehumidi)]TJ
11.3067 0 TD
[( )-39.7(er)91.8(, befor)17.8(e being gently r)17.8(eleased into )]TJ
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T*
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(library )Tj
3.1786 0 TD
[( )12.7(oor along visitor paths. \(Fig. 4\) Spiral type dif)17.8(fusers ar)17.8(e )]TJ
-3.1786 -1.2676 TD
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[( ow with a limited vertical air velocity)92.1(.)]TJ
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(west side of the library )Tj
10.3 0 TD
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-10.3 -1.2675 TD
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(humidi)Tj
3.2229 0 TD
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[( )12.1(er unit. The exhausting air is taken fr)17.8(om original venti-)]TJ
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0 -1.2676 TD
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[(shaft near the library)91.9(.)]TJ
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[( )118.4(cation equipment. The PLC is pr)17.8(ogrammed to per)54.9(-)]TJ
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(form the operational sequences described in the following sec-)Tj
T*
.0273 Tw
[(tion by contr)17.9(olling the equipment based on climate conditions )]TJ
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(Five modes of operation: 1\) ventilation; 2\) dehumidi)Tj
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[( cation; )-11.1(3\) )]TJ
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/F7 1 Tf
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[(V)48.8(entilation)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
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(: The dehumidi)Tj
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T*
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[(also tur)-17.8(ned on. 2 ACHs \(1260 m3/h\) of fr)17.8(esh air is mixed with 8 )]TJ
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-.023 Tw
[(ACHs \(5040 m3/h\) of r)17.8(e-cir)17.8(culated air)91.8(, and then supplied to the )]TJ
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[(library r)17.8(ooms. 2 ACHs of air ar)17.8(e exhausted fr)17.8(om the attic. This )]TJ
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(is an energy saving mode.)Tj
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[( )187.1(er and fans ar)17.8(e tur)-17.8(ned on, )]TJ
-14.3219 -1.2632 TD
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[(but the fr)17.8(esh air damper is closed and the exhaust ventilator is )]TJ
T*
.0807 Tw
[(tur)-17.8(ned of)17.8(f. \(Fig. 5\) The system operates only to r)17.8(ecycle the li-)]TJ
T*
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[(brary air thr)17.8(ough the dehumidi)]TJ
13.2247 0 TD
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[( )-51(er at the rate of 10 ACHs \(6300 )]TJ
-13.2247 -1.2632 TD
.0976 Tw
(m3/h\). This is also an energy conservation mode in which no )Tj
T*
0 Tw
[(outside air is tr)18(eated.)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
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(Hybrid)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
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(: This mode combines the ventilation and dehumidi)Tj
22.3724 0 TD
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( ca-)Tj
-25.1503 -1.2632 TD
-.033 Tw
[(tion modes. 2 ACHs\(1260 m3/h\) of the fr)17.8(esh air is mixed with 8 )]TJ
T*
.0114 Tw
[(ACHs \(5040 m3/h\) of the r)17.8(ecir)17.8(culated and conditioned air)91.8(, and )]TJ
T*
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[(then supplied to the library r)17.8(ooms. And 2 ACHs of the library air )]TJ
T*
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[(ar)17.8(e exhausted to the outside thr)17.8(ough the attic. \(Fig. 6\))]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
0 -2.5263 TD
(Cooling)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
3.2789 0 TD
.0199 Tw
[(: The compr)17.8(essor and air)54.9(-handler ar)17.8(e tur)-17.8(ned on but r)17.8(e)0(-)]TJ
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(only in this mode.\) The system operates as an air conditioner to )Tj
T*
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[(pr)17.8(ovide thermal comfort for visitors.)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
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(Hibernation)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
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[(: All equipment is tur)-17.8(ned of)17.8(f except the sensors and )]TJ
-5.0008 -1.2632 TD
.0286 Tw
[(the PLC, once the target condition is achieved \(less than 28 )181.5(C )]TJ
T*
-.0298 Tw
(and less than 65% RH\). This is an energy saving mode. The PLC )Tj
T*
.1251 Tw
[(activates the equipment when either the air temperatur)17.8(e ex-)]TJ
T*
-.0087 Tw
[(ceeds 28C or the r)17.8(elative humidity exceeds 65% in the library)91.8(.)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
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0 Tw
(Operational Conditions)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
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.0251 Tw
[(Ther)17.8(e ar)17.8(e thr)17.8(ee types of operational conditions that determine )]TJ
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[(the mode of operation; the museum)110.9(s operating hours, r)17.8(elative )]TJ
T*
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[(humidity)91.9(, and temperatur)17.8(e. The following is a summary of the )]TJ
T*
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[(operational conditions and corr)17.9(esponding operational modes )]TJ
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(of the system.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
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(Operational Hour)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
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[(: During the museum)110.8(s hours of operation, the )]TJ
-7.3313 -1.2632 TD
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(climate system will operate in either ventilation or hybrid mode. )Tj
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()Tj
.278 0 TD
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[( )105.8(cation mode, however)91.8(, once visiting hours have ended. The )]TJ
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( er )Tj
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(Relative Humidity)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
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[(and outside r)17.8(elative humidity is lower than 65% at less than )]TJ
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[(tional sequence primarily to pr)17.8(ovide visitors thermal comfort )]TJ
T*
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[(by limiting the library temperatur)17.8(e to less than 28C. Ther)17.8(efor)17.8(e, )]TJ
T*
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[(it is applicable only during the museum)110.9(s hours of operation \(8 )]TJ
T*
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[(am 6 pm\). When the temperatur)17.8(e in the library is higher than )]TJ
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(28C, the climate system will operate in the cooling mode. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
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[(Monitoring and Impr)17.9(ovements)]TJ
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(After the installation and initial adjustment period of the cli-)Tj
0 -1.2632 TD
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T*
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(at 60 5% RH in the library when the outside condition varied )Tj
T*
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[(fr)17.8(om 35% to 100% RH at 20C to 38C. It showed the system)110.8(s )]TJ
T*
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[(capacity to pr)17.8(oduce and maintain the targeted climate condi-)]TJ
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[( )8.2(cult for insects to r)17.8(each )]TJ
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[(tal Contr)17.8(ols: understanding what in-)]TJ
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24.7603 0 TD
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T*
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0 -2.5263 TD
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0 -1.2632 TD
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4.245 Tw
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9.969 0 TD
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[(0.7-1.7mm )-2522(Beetles \(depending on the species\))]TJ
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0 -2.5263 TD
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0 -1.2632 TD
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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19.4143 -4.6506 TD
[(3. Insect T)74(raps)]TJ
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-19.4143 -2.755 TD
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[(It is important for any IPM pr)17.8(ogram to include good inspec-)]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
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T*
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[( )32.2(ed and contr)17.9(olled befor)17.8(e too much damage has )]TJ
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T*
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T*
0 Tw
(e)Tj
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( cial in such situations.)Tj
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.0665 Tw
[(Blunder traps ar)17.8(e generic traps \(not speci)]TJ
18.1063 0 TD
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-18.1063 -1.2632 TD
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T*
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()Tj
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[( )-2.5(ed using an insect identi)]TJ
10.8819 0 TD
[( )-2.5(cation kit/book or by contacting the )]TJ
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T*
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[(corr)17.8(ect identi)]TJ
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[( )59.1(cation it is possible to lear)-17.8(n whether or not the )]TJ
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T*
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7.8253 0 TD
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[( )23.5(c traps incorporate a pher)17.8(omone. Chemical )]TJ
-7.8253 -1.2632 TD
.0411 Tw
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T*
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11.8122 -1.2632 TD
.045 Tw
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T*
.0188 Tw
(for a speci)Tj
4.7047 0 TD
[( )18.9(c food, cue for mating, )]TJ
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.1678 Tw
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T*
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T*
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[(mer)17.9(cially available including the )]TJ
T*
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T*
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(tles and common clothes moths.)Tj
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4.0081 -4.9491 TD
[(4. T)74(r)17.8(eatment Options)]TJ
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(4.1 Chemical Methods)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0 -1.86 TD
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0 -1.2632 TD
.051 Tw
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T*
.0775 Tw
[(lished papers on this topic which small museums can r)17.8(efer to )]TJ
T*
.0986 Tw
[(that highlight the range of chemicals fr)17.8(om Ethylene Oxide to )]TJ
T*
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[(Permethrins \(Story)91.9(, 1985, Pinniger)91.8(, 1994\). )]TJ
0 -2.5263 TD
.206 Tw
[(Insect Gr)17.8(owth Regulators \(IGR\) such as Fenoxycarb, Metho-)]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
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T*
0 Tw
(ci)Tj
.9439 0 TD
.0629 Tw
[( )62.9(cally on insects by disrupting their life cycles. Commer)17.9(cially )]TJ
-.9439 -1.2632 TD
.0718 Tw
[(they ar)17.8(e often mixed with a common fumigant and sold. The )]TJ
T*
.0283 Tw
(idea is for the fumigant to kill the adult insects and the IGR to )Tj
T*
.076 Tw
[(act on the immatur)17.9(e stages by making pupation unsuccessful )]TJ
T*
.043 Tw
[(or pr)17.8(eventing the formation of a normal cuticle causing death )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
(by dehydration. )Tj
/F10 1 Tf
0 -2.404 TD
(4.2 Freezing)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
0 -1.86 TD
.2142 Tw
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0 -1.2632 TD
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[(change in moistur)17.9(e content and to avoid condensation on )]TJ
T*
.1327 Tw
[(thawing. They ar)17.8(e placed in a fr)17.8(eezer and left for one week )]TJ
T*
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(at below -20C. These will kill all stages of the insects \(eggs, )Tj
T*
.0201 Tw
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T*
.1642 Tw
[(objects ar)17.8(e allowed to acclimatise to r)17.8(oom temperatur)17.8(e and )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
[(then r)17.9(emoved fr)17.8(om their bags \(Strang, 1992\).)]TJ
0 -2.5263 TD
-.0022 Tw
[(The ef)17.8(fect of fr)17.8(eezing on museum collections has been an ar)17.8(ea )]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
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[(of many debates. Ther)17.8(e ar)17.8(e two issues that one needs to be )]TJ
T*
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[(car)17.9(eful about:)]TJ
0 -2.5263 TD
.0889 Tw
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0 -1.2632 TD
-.0414 Tw
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T*
.0484 Tw
[(tur)17.9(e. Drying oil )]TJ
7.0174 0 TD
[( )48.4(lms have a glassy-rubbery transition between )]TJ
-7.0174 -1.2632 TD
0 Tw
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T*
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T*
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(\(1\) )Tj
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(. An inert gas is used to )Tj
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25.8853 0 TD
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(\(3\) )Tj
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0 -1.2814 TD
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T*
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(less than 0.1% for the fumigation period is inserted \(Daniel )Tj
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25.8853 0 TD
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
.0305 Tw
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T*
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[(better)91.8(.)]TJ
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T*
.1662 Tw
[(generations. Integrated Pest Management pr)17.8(ograms have to )]TJ
T*
.1144 Tw
(be adapted to use these traditional methods, as well as deal )Tj
T*
-.0167 Tw
[(with ethical issues. Examples include the use of leaves fr)17.8(om the )]TJ
T*
.0626 Tw
[(neem tr)17.8(ee in India, and the cer)17.8(emonial use of tobacco smoke )]TJ
T*
.0607 Tw
[(by the American Indians as a pest contr)17.8(ol option. In countries )]TJ
T*
-.0264 Tw
[(such as Bhutan, ther)17.8(e ar)17.8(e ethical issues on killing insects, which )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
[(have to be managed befor)17.9(e pest contr)17.9(ol is implemented. )]TJ
29.3907 33.2632 TD
.0739 Tw
[(It is also important in training personnel fr)17.8(om small museums )]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
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[(on pest contr)17.8(ol, that detailed information on availability of sup-)]TJ
T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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(\(especially with volunteers\).)Tj
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(Luis and Maekawa, 1998\) )Tj
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[(maintenance-fr)17.9(ee operation of continuous climate contr)17.8(ol. )]TJ
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[(the climate impr)17.9(ovement pr)17.8(oject, the Amazonian ethnographic )]TJ
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[(r)17.8(esulting in daily climate ranges of 27.5-32.5C and 45 -70% )]TJ
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0 -1.265 TD
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T*
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[(insect outbr)17.8(eak, despite heavy and br)17.8(oad use of insecticides )]TJ
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/F2 1 Tf
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0 -1.2651 TD
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T*
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T*
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T*
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[(ception, quarantine and conservation tr)17.8(eatments; 2\) inventory )]TJ
T*
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(and study of collections; and 3\) the storage itself. The storage )Tj
T*
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[(ar)17.8(ea measur)17.8(es 15 m x 18 m \(270 m2\), has a cement slab )]TJ
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[( oor)91.8(, )]TJ
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T*
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(age system. )Tj
/F10 1 Tf
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(Conceptual Design for Climate Control)Tj
/F2 1 Tf
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T*
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[( )60.3(ers, and was to operate based )]TJ
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[(on the output of r)17.8(elative humidity sensors located both inside )]TJ
0 -1.2652 TD
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(and outside the buildings. The system was to operate only when )Tj
0 -1.2651 TD
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[(the r)17.8(elative humidity r)17.8(ose higher than 70% -- the thr)17.8(eshold for )]TJ
T*
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[(micr)17.8(obial activities. The ventilators wer)17.8(e to operate when the )]TJ
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T*
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T*
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T*
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[(\(See Figur)17.9(e 6.\) The r)17.8(esulting temperatur)17.8(e ranged 32-33C. \(See )]TJ
T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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[(set point due to a concer)-17.8(n over possible higher temperatur)17.8(e )]TJ
T*
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T*
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[(outside temperatur)17.8(es for ventilation \(Figur)17.8(e 8\) and additional )]TJ
T*
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( ers. )Tj
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[(\(Figur)17.9(e 9\))]TJ
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T*
.1288 Tw
[(thr)17.8(oughout the storage. Although less than a 70% RH envi-)]TJ
T*
.0549 Tw
[(r)17.8(onment had been maintained we did not observe any fungal )]TJ
T*
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[(activities. W)17.8(e)0( did, however)91.8(, document an elevated population )]TJ
T*
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[( )240.3(ies\) at the end )]TJ
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T*
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T*
.0459 Tw
[(occurr)17.8(ed. Some of this extended for mor)17.9(e than two days. The )]TJ
T*
.0087 Tw
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T*
.0428 Tw
[(der to contr)17.9(ol the pr)17.8(oblems. The r)17.8(educed r)17.8(elative humidity set )]TJ
T*
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[(point immediately contr)17.8(olled both the psocoptera pr)17.8(oblem and )]TJ
T*
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T*
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T*
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0 Tw
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( ciently with no additional heat generation. )Tj
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.013 Tw
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.1236 Tw
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[( )123.6(ers and fans operating. )]TJ
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-.023 Tw
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T*
-.0093 Tw
[(is storage and the staf)17.8(f occupies it only for a limited amount of )]TJ
T*
-.0374 Tw
[(time. T)110.8(able 3 shows the r)17.8(esulting measur)17.8(ement of airbor)-17.8(ne par)54.9(-)]TJ
T*
.0365 Tw
(ticles conducted in August 2005. The dust level in the storage )Tj
T*
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[( Daily maximums, averages, and variation of air temperatur)17.8(e )]TJ
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T*
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T*
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T*
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[( )39.9(bers seem to)-10( )]TJ
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T*
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T*
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[( )45.9(ed and had minimum impact on )]TJ
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[( )96.7(ve-year operation; how-)]TJ
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[(ever)91.8(, they had minimum impact on the climate in the storage )]TJ
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T*
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[( uences )-47.8(of)-10( )]TJ
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T*
.0378 Tw
[(chanical deformations caused by str)17.8(ess or undue r)17.8(elaxation, the)-10( )]TJ
T*
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T*
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( the rate of decay of the carriers,)Tj
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( )Tj
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T*
.0552 Tw
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T*
.0223 Tw
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T*
-.0491 Tw
[(the 1970s \(Sticky T)110.8(ape or Sticky Shed Syndr)17.8(ome\), humidity )]TJ
T*
.0736 Tw
[(r)17.8(ecommendations have dr)17.8(opped fr)17.8(om a maximum of 60% to )]TJ
T*
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[(40% RH and lower)91.7(, with maximum )]TJ
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( )Tj
T*
.0203 Tw
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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[( )135.7(ect the general climatic conditions as well as )]TJ
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T*
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T*
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[( )-25.9(cient funds, do not ef)17.8(fective-)]TJ
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T*
.0811 Tw
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23.8714 0 TD
.005 Tw
[( cation)-10( )]TJ
-23.8714 -1.2632 TD
.0125 Tw
[(raises r)17.8(elative humidity dramatically)91.8(. W)36.9(ater condenses in cor)-17.8(ners)-10( )]TJ
T*
.1885 Tw
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[( )183.5(nally)91.8(, inside audio and)-10( )]TJ
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T*
-.0347 Tw
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T*
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[(partial air)54.9(-conditioning r)17.8(eported that cassettes generally failed to)-10( )]TJ
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0 -1.2632 TD
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T*
.0719 Tw
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T*
.15 Tw
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T*
.0537 Tw
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T*
.0056 Tw
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T*
-.0122 Tw
[(Moder)-17.8(n of)]TJ
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[( )-12.2(ce buildings sometimes do not even have windows )]TJ
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T*
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T*
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-.834 -1.25 TD
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[(sation. Ef)17.8(fective simultaneous cooling and dehumidi)]TJ
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[( )16.6(cation of an envir)17.8(on-)]TJ
-22.5128 -1.25 TD
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[(ment, however)91.7(, r)17.8(equir)17.8(es specialised equipment and measur)17.8(es. Experience )]TJ
T*
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T*
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(homes and of)Tj
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-24.6643 -1.25 TD
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T*
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(on surfaces of tapes, tape heads and tape guides; with CDs it )Tj
0 -1.2632 TD
-.0005 Tw
[(causes, in conjunction with impr)17.9(oper handling scratches which )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
[(may r)17.9(ender the discs unr)17.9(eadable)]TJ
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(5)Tj
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/F4 1 Tf
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[(Recommended Practices for T)74.1(r)17.8(opical Countries)]TJ
/F2 1 Tf
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.1664 Tw
[(Ideally)91.9(, ar)17.8(chives in tr)17.8(opical countries should follow the inter)54.9(-)]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
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[(national r)17.8(ecommendations for the storage of audio and video )]TJ
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-.0232 Tw
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[(cess stor)17.9(e this would mean:)]TJ
T*
( )Tj
.778 0 TD
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22.9274 0 TD
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( uctua-)Tj
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.778 0 TD
.2618 Tw
[(A r)17.8(elative humidity of 30-40% with minimal )]TJ
21.2044 0 TD
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( uctuations )Tj
-21.2044 -1.2632 TD
(\(5%\))Tj
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( )Tj
.778 0 TD
(The absence of dust particles.)Tj
-.778 -2.5263 TD
-.0083 Tw
[(Only rich ar)17.8(chives ar)17.8(e able to follow these r)17.8(ecommendations. It )]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
.0365 Tw
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T*
.0986 Tw
[(sider)17.9(ed to be very uncomfortable by local ar)17.8(chivists and may)91.8(, )]TJ
T*
.197 Tw
[(mor)17.9(eover)91.8(, constitute a considerable health pr)17.8(oblem. Ar)17.8(chi-)]TJ
T*
.1255 Tw
[(val storage in V)54.9(an Bogart)110.8(s sense would call for even lower )]TJ
T*
-.0003 Tw
[(and tighter values. In view of the costs that would be incurr)17.9(ed, )]TJ
T*
0 Tw
[(however)91.8(, their r)17.9(ealisation would not happen very fr)17.8(equently)91.8(.)]TJ
0 -2.5263 TD
.0535 Tw
[(In or)17.8(der to r)17.8(each, or to come close, to the above standar)17.8(ds, a )]TJ
0 -1.2632 TD
.0469 Tw
[(bundle of measur)17.8(es is necessary)91.8(. The )]TJ
16.4527 0 TD
[( )46.9(rst and most important )]TJ
-16.4527 -1.2632 TD
.0735 Tw
[(is the radical thermal insulation of buildings and r)17.8(ooms hous-)]TJ
T*
-.0455 Tw
[(ing audiovisual storage ar)17.8(eas. Whenever possible, storage ar)17.8(eas )]TJ
T*
.0549 Tw
[(should be placed in the centr)17.9(e of buildings, their walls should )]TJ
T*
.1288 Tw
(not touch the outside of the house. Indigenous construction )Tj
T*
.0943 Tw
[(materials, e.g. adobe, may be pr)17.8(eferable to concr)17.8(ete and the )]TJ
T*
.1242 Tw
(like, additional insulating material is advantageous. Most im-)Tj
T*
.201 Tw
[(portant is the construction of secondary r)17.8(oofs and facades, )]TJ
T*
.0258 Tw
(with a gap of several feet between the primary and secondary )Tj
T*
-.0224 Tw
(surfaces, to allow for ample air )Tj
13.5881 0 TD
-.0225 Tw
[( )-22.5(ows ar)17.8(ound the primary build-)]TJ
-13.5881 -1.2632 TD
.0222 Tw
[(ing. This will pr)17.8(event sunlight fr)17.8(om hitting and dir)17.8(ectly heating )]TJ
T*
.0776 Tw
[(the outside surfaces of the primary ar)17.8(chival building. This is a )]TJ
T*
.008 Tw
[(simple and inexpensive but most ef)17.8(fective measur)17.8(e. The use of )]TJ
T*
.1612 Tw
[(undergr)17.9(ound storage ar)17.8(eas may)91.8(, in principle, help to r)17.8(educe )]TJ
T*
-.0209 Tw
(energy costs, the high risk of )Tj
12.71 0 TD
[( )-21(ooding must, however)91.8(, be taken )]TJ
-12.71 -1.2632 TD
.0894 Tw
[(into account. Undergr)17.8(ound locations ar)17.8(e, ther)17.8(efor)17.8(e, only ap-)]TJ
T*
.1108 Tw
[(plicable \(and still with gr)17.8(eat caution!\) in dry ar)17.8(eas. Generally)91.8(, )]TJ
T*
.0777 Tw
[(tr)17.8(opical rains can be abundant, so suf)]TJ
16.7301 0 TD
[( )77.7(cient measur)17.8(es to pr)17.8(e-)]TJ
-16.7301 -1.2632 TD
0 Tw
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